‘’ޏ•i

—m¤Žj-ãŠC:1843-1956

‰¤‚–F Žå•Ò ãŠCŽÐ‰ï‰ÈŠw‰@ 2007”N7ŒŽ
p483/16ŠJ/¸‘•
ISBN7807450509
–{‘‹¤•ªˆ×‰ð“Ç—m¤CãŠCioŒû—ms“I•Ï‘JC—msÝãŠC“IŒoÏŠˆ“®C—m¤šà’f‰º“IãŠCq‰^C—m¤–[’nŽY‹ÆAŒš’}‹Æ“I–H–u”­“WC—m¤‹âs‘ÎãŠC‹à—Z“Išà’fC‹»[ban4]H‹Æ¬ˆ×—m¤“ŠŽ‘”M“_C—m¤Œö—pŽ–‹Æ“I”­“W—^éŽs‹ß‘㉻i’öC—m¤“ŠŽ‘•¶‰»Žsê“™9•ÑCŠ®®’nŒù‰æ—¹ãŠC—m¤•S”N“I”­“W‹Oç‘C•s1832-1956”NãŠC—m¤‘厖‹Lt“™B”z‡}150•C}•\142•ªB
–Ú˜^
‘q ãŠC—m¤”­“W—ð’ö

‘æˆê•Ñ ‰ð“Ç—m¤
‘æˆêÍ ãŠC—m¤“I—R—ˆ
‘æˆêß —m¤ÌˆàŽíŽí
‘æ“ñß ð–ñ§“x‰º“I—m¤
‘æŽOß —m¤“I—ÞŒ^
ˆê –fˆÕ”̉^¤
“ñ ŽU¤
ŽO ’†ŠÔ¤
‘æ“ñÍ —m¤—^—ÌŽ–ŠÙA‘dŠEA]ŠCŠÖ”VŠÖŒn
‘æˆêß —m¤—^—ÌŽ–ŠÙ
ˆê —ÌŽ–¤lˆê‘̉»
“ñ —ÌŽ–ŠÙ¥—m¤“I•ÛŒìŽÒ
‘æ“ñß —m¤—^‘dŠE
ˆê ‘dŠEˆ×—m¤Ž§Ý—§
“ñ ‘dŠE¥—m¤”­“W“IˆÀ‘S“‡
‘æŽOß —m¤—^]ŠCŠÖ
ˆê ]ŠCŠÖ¬ˆ×g—mŠÖh
“ñ —mŠÖ§“xˆÛŒì—m¤—˜‰v
‘æŽOÍ —m¤—^ŽÐ‰ïŠeŠE”VŠÖŒn
‘æˆêß —m¤—^”ƒ办
ˆê ”ƒ办§“x“IŒ`¬
“ñ ”ƒ办ŽØ•—m¤–d—˜
‘æ“ñß —m¤—^‰Ø¤
ˆê ³‰ŠÖŒnC‹¤¶‹¤‰h
“ñ –µ‚—^R‘ˆ
ŽO ‰Ø¤Ý—m¤šñ–D’†‘s‘厩ŒÈ
‘æŽOß —m¤—^Нa
ˆê —m¤—^‰ØŠ¯
“ñ —m¤—^—mН
ŽO —m¤—^‹½a
‘æŽlß —m¤—^Žml
ˆê —m¤ãى؎m办•ñ
“ñ —m¤‰„ãى؎m”C‹³
ŽO Žmli“ü—ms
‘æŒÜß —m¤ŽÐ’c
ˆê —m¤ŽÐ’cŽY¶”­“W“I—ðŽj“®ˆö
“ñ ¤‹Æ—ÞŽÐ’c
ŽO ‹~‰Î‰ïAÁ–h‘à
Žl Še—ÞŒâŠy‘‰ï
ŒÜ “V‘«‰ï
˜Z “öЋ~ÏŽÐ’c
޵ –œ‘¤’c
”ª ๤ŽÐ’c
‘æ“ñ•Ñ ãŠCioŒû—ms“I•Ï‘J
‘æŽlÍ œ”“ÁŒ —O“üãŠC“I—ms
‘æˆêß ‘Šú—ms
ˆê ‹Ùæî”b•xŽ¢i“üãŠC“I—ms
“ñ ‰©š¼“åŒ`¬—msŠX‹æ
‘æ“ñß —ms“I—ÞŒ^—^Œo‰c•ûŽ®
ˆê —ms“I—ÞŒ^
“ñ —ms“IŒo‰c•ûŽ®
ŽO —ms“IŒo‰cŽè’i
‘æŽOß —ms“I”ñ–@Šˆ“®
ˆê •‘•‘–Ž„éë•Ð
“ñ ˆê”ʤ•i‘–Ž„
ŽO ”ñ–@‰ˆŠC–fˆÕ
Žl g‹ê—Í–fˆÕh
‘æŒÜÍ ãŠC—ms”­“W—ð’öF1843-1950
‘æˆêß ‘æˆêŽŸéë•Ð푈“ž‘æ“ñŽŸéë•Ðí‘ˆŽžŠú
‘æ“ñß ‘æ“ñŽŸéë•Ð푈“žbŒßí‘ˆŽžŠú
‘æŽOß bŒß푈“žR“úí‘ˆŽžŠú
‘æŽlß R“ú푈“ž“ú–{“Š~
‘æŒÜß R“ú푈Ÿ—˜ŒãŽŠãŠC‰ð•ú
‘æ˜ZÍ —ms‘€cãŠCioŒû–fˆÕ
‘æˆêß —ms‘€cãŠCiŒû–fˆÕ
‘æ“ñß —ms‘€cãŠCoŒû–fˆÕ
‘æŽO•Ñ —msÝãŠC“IŒoÏŠˆ“®
‘æŽµÍ “Æ—Ì•—éz“I‰p¤—ms
‘æˆêß ‰p¤—m¤ŽnI—i—L‹­‘åŽÀ—Í
‘æ“ñß ‰p¤—ms‘€cãŠCiŒû–fˆÕ
‘æŽOß ‰p¤—ms‘€cãŠCoŒû–fˆÕ
‘æŽlß ‰p¤—ms‘I‰î
‘æ”ªÍ ”ü¤—ms“I›¿‹N
‘æˆêß ”ü¤—msŒã—ˆ‹ã
‘æ“ñß ”ü¤—ms‘I‰î
‘æ‹ãÍ “ú¤—ms“I”­“W
‘æˆêß “ú¤—ms—^“ú–{ŒR‘Žå‹`
‘æ“ñß “ú¤—ms”cŽãŠC‘ΓúioŒû–fˆÕ
‘æŽOß “ú¤—ms‘I‰î
‘æ\Í “¿A–@A‰âAˆó“x—ms
‘æˆêß “¿¤—ms
‘æ“ñß –@¤—ms
‘æŽOß ‰âi‘h—üj¤—ms
‘æŽlß ˆó“x¤—ms
‘æ\ˆêÍ ‘´‘¼‘Ф—ms
‘æˆêß Žm¤—ms
‘æ“ñß ”ä—˜Žž¤—ms
‘æŽOß ‰œ’n—˜¤—ms
‘æŽlß ’O”ž¤—ms
‘æŒÜß ‰×—–¤—ms
‘æ˜Zß “T¤—ms
‘æŽµß 挪ˆÐ¤—ms
‘æ”ªß ˆÓ‘å—˜¤—ms
‘æ‹ãß Šóäc¤—ms
‘æ\ß ¼”lj夗ms
‘æ\ˆêß •’“¸‰å¤—ms
‘æ\“ñß ”g—–¤—ms
‘æ\ŽOß ·ŽŽz—Œ”°Ž¤—ms
‘æ\Žlß ™±‰å—˜¤—ms
‘æ\ŒÜß äÉ—¥•o¤—ms
‘æ\˜Zß ’©‘N¤—ms
‘æ\Žµß –—˜ˆŸ¤—ms
‘æ\”ªß ˆÉ˜N¤—ms
‘æ\‹ãß à¹‘¾iˆÈF—ñj¤—ms
‘æ“ñ\ß ‰Á\‘夗ms
‘æ“ñ\ˆêß ”b\”n¤—ms
‘æ“ñ\“ñß ”bŠîŽz’R¤—ms
‘æ“ñ\ŽOß “yލ‘´¤—ms
‘æ“ñ\Žlß äŽ—–¤—ms
‘æŽl•Ñ —m¤šà’f‰º“IãŠCq‰^
‘æ\“ñÍ ‰ˆŠCA“à‰Íq‰^’†—m¤‹£‘ˆŒƒ—ó
‘æˆêß —m‘DŽæ‘㹑Dšà’f‰ˆŠCq‰^
‘æ“ñß —m¤—Ö‘DŒöŽi“IŒš—§—^’·]q‰^¤“I‘ˆ’D
‘æŽOß “ú‘D¤‡‘«‹y‰pA“úA’†q‰^Šé‹Æ“I‘ˆ’D
‘æŽlß “ú‘D¤“Æ”eq‰^‹Æ
‘æ\ŽOÍ —m¤šà’f‰“—mq‰^ˆê•S”N
‘æˆêß Ÿô‰¢qügŽO‹“ªh
‘æ“ñß ‘½‘‰“—mq‰^Šé‹Æ“I‰î“ü—^‘¾•½—m‰“—mqü“IŠJç„
‘æŽOß “úA”üA‰pq‰^¨—Í”VŠÔ“IŠp’€
‘æŽlß “ú”üŒð‘Öšà’fãŠC‰“—mq‰^
‘æ\ŽlÍ ˆ×q‰^•ž–±“I—m¤áù“ªA‘q–טaq“¹Ž–‹Æ
‘æˆêß —m¤áù“ª‘q–×s‹Æ•‚o…–Ê
‘æ“ñß —m¤áù“ªê‹ÆŒo‰c—^•‘®Œo‰c•Às
‘æŽOß áù“ª‘q–׋Æ]‰pA“úA”ü•ª”e“ž“úA‰pŒð‘Öšà’f
‘æŽlß —m¤T§ãŠCq“¹‘匠
‘æŒÜ•Ñ —m¤–[’nŽY‹ÆAŒš’}‹Æ“I–H–u”­“W
‘æ\ŒÜÍ sãŠC“y’nÍ’öt—^—m¤–[’nŽY‹Æ“I”­’[˜aŒ`¬
‘æˆêß ‰i‘d§—^—m¤–[’nŽY‹Æ“I’a¶
‘æ“ñß —m¤–[’nŽY‹Æ“I”­’[
‘æŽOß —m¤–[’nŽY‹Æ“IŒ`¬
‘æ\˜ZÍ —m¤–[’nŽY‹“ª
‘æˆêß –[’nŽY‘剤V¹‘»—ms
‘æ“ñß –[’nŽY‘æˆê‰ÆŒÒ•ª§Šé‹ÆF‹ÆŽY’nŽYŒöŽi
‘æŽOß ™û“¯‹y™û“¯—ms
‘æŽlß Žå‰c–[’nŽY‘ã—‹Æ–±“I’†‘‰c‹ÆŒöŽi
‘æŒÜß —p–×’~‹à]Ž––[’nŽY‹Æ“I–œ‘–×’~‰ïW’c
‘æ˜Zß —ms‹à—ZŠ÷\˜a‹³‰ï–[’nŽY‹Æ
‘æ\ŽµÍ –[’nŽY‹Æ‘Ñ“®‰º“I—m¤Œš’}‹Æ
‘æˆêß Å‰“I—m¤Œš’}ÝŒv
‘æ“ñß —m¤Œš’}Š÷\—^VŒ^Œš’}—ÞŒ^“I‘å—Ê—OŒ»
‘æŽOß —m¤Œš’}‹Æ“I‹É“x”ɉh—^ãŠCéŽs“I‹ß‘㉻
‘æ\”ªÍ —m¤–[’nŽYŽ‘‹àŠOˆÚ
‘æˆêß ‰¢”ü–[’nŽY—m¤“IŽñŽŸí—ª“P‘Þ
‘æ“ñß “ú–{–[’nŽY¤˜©Š÷“Æ”eŽsê
‘æŽOß ‰¢”ü–[’nŽY‹Æ—m¤“IÄŽŸ“P‘Þ
‘æ˜Z•Ñ —m¤‹âs‘ÎãŠC‹à—Z“Išà’f
‘æ\‹ãÍ —í”@‹âs·‘«æ“oCVŒ^‹à—Z‘̧‰èû’[˜â
‘æˆêß ‘Šú‹à—Z‹Æ–±—R—msŒ“‰c
‘æ“ñß ‰p¤—í”@‹âsŒfŠJ—m¤‹âsÝãŠC“I›ç–‹
‘æŽOß ãŠC—¦æŒ`¬‹ß‘ã‹à—ZV‘̧
‘æ“ñ\Í ãŠC‹à—Z‹ÆS“I”­“WŠK’iF™¹–L‹âs‘nŒš
‘æˆêß ™¹–L‹âs“I‘n—§
‘æ“ñß ‰¸•à”­“W
‘æŽOß ™¹–L‹âs‹Æ–±’·Šúˆ˜°—Ìæ’nˆÊ
‘æŽlß ™¹–L‹âsT§’†‘“IŒoÏ–½ãõ
‘æŒÜß ‘½‹­•À‘¶‰ü•ωp¤‹âs“I“Æ”e‹Ç–Ê
‘æ“ñ\ˆêÍ bŒß푈ŒããŠC—m¤‹âs«Ž¿“I“]•Ï‹y‘S‘‹à—Z’†SÝãŠC“IŒ`¬
‘æˆêß ]¤‹Æ‹âs“ž—ñ‹­T§’†‘à­ŒoÏH‹ï
‘æ“ñß —m¤‹âs“IV•ω»
‘æŽOß ‡Ž‘‹âs“IoŒ»
‘æŽlß ãŠC¬ˆ×‘S‘‹à—Z’†S
‘æ“ñ\“ñÍ —m¤‹âs“IŽå—v‹à—ZŠˆ“®
‘æˆêß ŠO™¹Žsê
‘æ“ñß ”’‹âŽsê
‘æŽOß ØŒ”Žsê
‘æŽlß ”­sçâ•[
‘æŒÜß ‹z¾‘¶Š¼
‘æ˜Zß •úм˜a­Ž¡ŽØŠ¼
‘æŽµß •ÛŒ¯s‹Æ
‘æ“ñ\ŽOÍ R“ú푈”š”­Œã—m¤‹âs“I•ω»
‘æˆêß gŒÇ“‡hŽžŠúãŠC‹à—Z‹Æ“IábŒ`”ɉh
‘æ“ñß Rퟗ˜Œã”ü¤ˆø¤è–¾èû—D¨
‘æŽOß ÝŸô—m¤‹âs“I¾k˜aŠ—Ž
‘掵•Ñ ‹»办H‹Æ¬ˆ×—m¤“ŠŽ‘”M“_
‘æ“ñ\ŽlÍ —m¤Š÷Ší‘D”•H‹Æ
‘æˆêß ‘D”•C‘¢‹Æ“I‹»‹N
‘æ“ñß ‰p¤Ë¶A–뼑D’·“I”­“W
‘æŽOß —ms‘D”•‹Æ“IW’†šà’f
‘æŽlß ŒüŠ÷ŠB‰ÁH‹Æ‘ñ“W
‘æŒÜß R“ú푈ŠúŠÔ“I–\—˜A”­“W—^‘Þo
‘æ“ñ\ŒÜÍ —m¤–aDH‹Æ
‘æˆêß Š÷Ší缫ãNH‹Æ
‘æ“ñß –Ç–aH‹Æ“ŠŽ‘“I‚’ª
‘æŽOß ŒüˆóõAãNãaAjD‹Æ‘ñ“W
‘æ“ñ\˜ZÍ —m¤à|‘H‹Æ
‘æˆêß à|™Ê‰‘nŽžŠú
‘æ“ñß ‰p”üà|ŒöŽiÌ”e’†‘à|‘Žsê
‘æŽOß èó’†W’c“IŒ`¬—^—m¤Šªà|H‹Æ“IŠ”s
‘æ“ñ\ŽµÍ —m¤ˆãäÞA‰»ŠwH‹Æ
‘æˆêß ¼äÞ“I—A“ü—^”z’u
‘æ“ñß —m¤‘ÎŽ_Œ²”ìûps‹Æ“Išà’f
‘æŽOß ‰ÎŽÄA“ÉäPA–û޽“™Šé‹Æ“I‘nݘa”­“W
‘æ“ñ\”ªÍ —m¤ˆóüAH•i˜aoŒû‰ÁH‹Æ
‘æˆêß Š÷ŠíˆóüA‘¢Ž†H‹Æ“I‘n—§˜a”­“W
‘æ“ñß H•iAˆù—¿H‹Æ“I‹»‹N—^”­“W
‘æŽOß oŒû‰ÁHAàÞ—ž搪Ž¥§•iŠé‹Æ“IŠJÝ—^”­“W
‘攪•Ñ —m¤Œö—pŽ–‹Æ“I”­“W—^éŽs“I‹ß‘㉻i’ö
‘æ“ñ\‹ãÍ —m¤”Ÿƒ‹Æ
‘æˆêß ]Ž©—ˆ‰Î–[isj“žãŠC”Ÿƒ—LŒÀŒöŽi
‘æ“ñß ]‹Ÿ‰žŒõŒ¹’€•à“]Œü‹Ÿ‰ž”MŒ¹
‘æŽOß “ú‹Ï“Û•À‰p¤”Ÿƒ‹Æ
‘æŽO\Í —m¤‹‹…‹Æ
‘æˆêß ]¹˜R…s“žãŠCŽ©—ˆ…ŒöŽi
‘æ“ñß Œö“Ÿ‹Ç…™Ê‘nŒš—^—m¤‹‹…Ž–‹Æ‘å”­“W
‘æŽOß ‹‹…‹ÆÝ‹ÈÜ’†ä…“ïˆÛŽ
‘æŽO\ˆêÍ —m¤“d—Í‹Æ
‘æˆêß ]ãŠC“dŸƒŒöŽi“žŒö“Ÿ‹Ç“d™Ê
‘æ“ñß —m¤“d—ÍŽ–‹Æ‘S–Ê”­“W
‘æŽOß ”ü¤šà’f—^푈‘¢¬“IábŒ`”g“®
‘æŽO\“ñÍ —m¤—X­“dM‹Æ
‘æˆêß ]‹q—X‹Ç“ž“Œ—m“¿—¥•—
‘æ“ñß —m¤“dM‹Æ‘å”­“W
‘æŽOß ”ü¤‘ÎãŠC“d˜b‹Æ–±“Išà’f
‘æŽO\ŽOÍ —m¤Œö‹¤Œð’Ê‹Æ
‘æˆêß ]”nŽÔ“ž‰ÎŽÔ
‘æ“ñß ]“dŽÔ“ž”òŠ÷
‘æŽOß “ú¤šà’f—^¼•û—m¤“I’€•à‘Þo
‘æ‹ã•Ñ —m¤“ŠŽ‘•¶‰»Žsê
‘æŽO\ŽlÍ —m¤‘n办“I‘åO“`”d”}‘Ì
‘æˆêß ŠO•¶•ñЧŠJ•—Ÿƒ”Væ
‘æ“ñß —m¤‘n办“I’†•¶¤‹Æ•ñކ
‘æŽOß “±”d¤•i“I›ö”d“d‘ä
‘æŽO\ŒÜÍ —m¤ŠJ‘n“I“d‰eŽ–‹Æ
‘æˆêß “d‰e‰@
‘æ“ñß ‰e•Д­sŒöŽi
‘æŽOß ‰e•Чì
‘æŽO\˜ZÍ —m¤‘n办“IVŽ®ŠwŠÙ
‘æŽO\ŽµÍ ¼•û•¶‰»ŒâŠy˜a‘̈ç•ûŽ®“I“`“ü
‘æˆêß ŠO‘‘‰ï
‘æ“ñß ‘̈犈“®

•˜^
ˆê ‹ß‘ããŠC•”•ª—m¤—ª—ð
“ñ 1843-1949”NãŠC—m¤Šé‹Æ–¼˜^
ŽO 1832-1956”NãŠC—m¤‘厖‹L




Copyright (C) 2007 Frelax ShuChong All rights reserved.@‘’Ž