�‘’Ž�¸•i

—m�¤Žj-�ãŠC:1843-1956

‰¤�‚–F Žå•Ò �ãŠCŽÐ‰ï‰ÈŠw‰@ 2007”N7ŒŽ
p483/16ŠJ/�¸‘•
ISBN7807450509
–{�‘‹¤•ªˆ×‰ð“Ç—m�¤�C�ãŠC�i�oŒû—m�s“I•Ï‘J�C—m�s�Ý�ãŠC“IŒo�ÏŠˆ“®�C—m�¤šà’f‰º“I�ãŠC�q‰^�C—m�¤–[’nŽY‹Æ�AŒš’}‹Æ“I–H–u”­“W�C—m�¤‹â�s‘Î�ãŠC‹à—Z“Išà’f�C‹»[ban4]�H‹Æ�¬ˆ×—m�¤“ŠŽ‘”M“_�C—m�¤Œö—pŽ–‹Æ“I”­“W—^�éŽs‹ß‘㉻�i’ö�C—m�¤“ŠŽ‘•¶‰»Žs�ê“™9•Ñ�CŠ®�®’nŒù‰æ—¹�ãŠC—m�¤•S”N“I”­“W‹Oç‘�C•��s1832-1956”N�ãŠC—m�¤‘厖‹L�t“™�B”z�‡�}150•��C�}•\142•ª�B
–Ú˜^
‘��q �ãŠC—m�¤”­“W—ð’ö

‘æˆê•Ñ ‰ð“Ç—m�¤
‘æˆê�Í �ãŠC—m�¤“I—R—ˆ
‘æˆê�ß —m�¤�̈àŽíŽí
‘æ“ñ�ß �ð–ñ�§“x‰º“I—m�¤
‘æŽO�ß —m�¤“I—ÞŒ^
ˆê –fˆÕ”̉^�¤
“ñ ŽU�¤
ŽO ’†ŠÔ�¤
‘æ“ñ�Í —m�¤—^—ÌŽ–ŠÙ�A‘dŠE�A�]ŠCŠÖ”VŠÖŒn
‘æˆê�ß —m�¤—^—ÌŽ–ŠÙ
ˆê —ÌŽ–�¤�lˆê‘̉»
“ñ —ÌŽ–ŠÙ�¥—m�¤“I•ÛŒìŽÒ
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤—^‘dŠE
ˆê ‘dŠEˆ×—m�¤Ž§�Ý—§
“ñ ‘dŠE�¥—m�¤”­“W“IˆÀ‘S“‡
‘æŽO�ß —m�¤—^�]ŠCŠÖ
ˆê �]ŠCŠÖ�¬ˆ×�g—mŠÖ�h
“ñ —mŠÖ�§“xˆÛŒì—m�¤—˜‰v
‘æŽO�Í —m�¤—^ŽÐ‰ïŠeŠE”VŠÖŒn
‘æˆê�ß —m�¤—^”ƒ办
ˆê ”ƒ办�§“x“IŒ`�¬
“ñ ”ƒ办ŽØ�•—m�¤–d—˜
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤—^‰Ø�¤
ˆê �³‰�ŠÖŒn�C‹¤�¶‹¤‰h
“ñ –µ�‚—^�R‘ˆ
ŽO ‰Ø�¤�Ý—m�¤šñ–D’†‘s‘厩ŒÈ
‘æŽO�ß —m�¤—^Н�a
ˆê —m�¤—^‰ØŠ¯
“ñ —m�¤—^—mН
ŽO —m�¤—^‹½�a
‘æŽl�ß —m�¤—^Žm�l
ˆê —m�¤ãى؎m办•ñ
“ñ —m�¤‰„ãى؎m”C‹³
ŽO Žm�l�i“ü—m�s
‘æŒÜ�ß —m�¤ŽÐ’c
ˆê —m�¤ŽÐ’cŽY�¶”­“W“I—ðŽj“®ˆö
“ñ �¤‹Æ—ÞŽÐ’c
ŽO ‹~‰Î‰ï�A�Á–h‘à
Žl Še—ÞŒâŠy‘�‰ï
ŒÜ “V‘«‰ï
˜Z “ö�Ћ~�ÏŽÐ’c
޵ –œ�‘�¤’c
”ª à¹�¤ŽÐ’c
‘æ“ñ•Ñ �ãŠC�i�oŒû—m�s“I•Ï‘J
‘æŽl�Í œ”“ÁŒ —O“ü�ãŠC“I—m�s
‘æˆê�ß ‘�Šú—m�s
ˆê ‹Ùæî”b•xŽ¢�i“ü�ãŠC“I—m�s
“ñ ‰©š¼“åŒ`�¬—m�sŠX‹æ
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�s“I—ÞŒ^—^Œo‰c•ûŽ®
ˆê —m�s“I—ÞŒ^
“ñ —m�s“IŒo‰c•ûŽ®
ŽO —m�s“IŒo‰cŽè’i
‘æŽO�ß —m�s“I”ñ–@Šˆ“®
ˆê •�‘•‘–Ž„éë•Ð
“ñ ˆê”Ê�¤•i‘–Ž„
ŽO ”ñ–@‰ˆŠC–fˆÕ
Žl �g‹ê—Í–fˆÕ�h
‘æŒÜ�Í �ãŠC—m�s”­“W—ð’ö�F1843-1950
‘æˆê�ß ‘æˆêŽŸéë•Ð�푈“ž‘æ“ñŽŸéë•Ð�í‘ˆŽžŠú
‘æ“ñ�ß ‘æ“ñŽŸéë•Ð�푈“ž�bŒß�í‘ˆŽžŠú
‘æŽO�ß �bŒß�푈“ž�R“ú�í‘ˆŽžŠú
‘æŽl�ß �R“ú�푈“ž“ú–{“Š�~
‘æŒÜ�ß �R“ú�푈�Ÿ—˜ŒãŽŠ�ãŠC‰ð•ú
‘æ˜Z�Í —m�s‘€�c�ãŠC�i�oŒû–fˆÕ
‘æˆê�ß —m�s‘€�c�ãŠC�iŒû–fˆÕ
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�s‘€�c�ãŠC�oŒû–fˆÕ
‘æŽO•Ñ —m�s�Ý�ãŠC“IŒo�ÏŠˆ“®
‘掵�Í “Æ—Ì•—éz“I‰p�¤—m�s
‘æˆê�ß ‰p�¤—m�¤Žn�I—i—L‹­‘åŽÀ—Í
‘æ“ñ�ß ‰p�¤—m�s‘€�c�ãŠC�iŒû–fˆÕ
‘æŽO�ß ‰p�¤—m�s‘€�c�ãŠC�oŒû–fˆÕ
‘æŽl�ß ‰p�¤—m�s‘I‰î
‘攪�Í ”ü�¤—m�s“I›¿‹N
‘æˆê�ß ”ü�¤—m�sŒã—ˆ‹��ã
‘æ“ñ�ß ”ü�¤—m�s‘I‰î
‘æ‹ã�Í “ú�¤—m�s“I”­“W
‘æˆê�ß “ú�¤—m�s—^“ú–{ŒR�‘Žå‹`
‘æ“ñ�ß “ú�¤—m�s”cŽ��ãŠC‘Γú�i�oŒû–fˆÕ
‘æŽO�ß “ú�¤—m�s‘I‰î
‘æ�\�Í “¿�A–@�A‰â�Aˆó“x—m�s
‘æˆê�ß “¿�¤—m�s
‘æ“ñ�ß –@�¤—m�s
‘æŽO�ß ‰â�i‘h—ü�j�¤—m�s
‘æŽl�ß ˆó“x�¤—m�s
‘æ�\ˆê�Í ‘´‘¼�‘�Ð�¤—m�s
‘æˆê�ß ��Žm�¤—m�s
‘æ“ñ�ß ”ä—˜Žž�¤—m�s
‘æŽO�ß ‰œ’n—˜�¤—m�s
‘æŽl�ß ’O”ž�¤—m�s
‘æŒÜ�ß ‰×—–�¤—m�s
‘æ˜Z�ß ��“T�¤—m�s
‘掵�ß 挪ˆÐ�¤—m�s
‘攪�ß ˆÓ‘å—˜�¤—m�s
‘æ‹ã�ß Šóäc�¤—m�s
‘æ�\�ß �¼”ljå�¤—m�s
‘æ�\ˆê�ß •’“¸‰å�¤—m�s
‘æ�\“ñ�ß ”g—–�¤—m�s
‘æ�\ŽO�ß �·�ŽŽz—Œ”°�Ž�¤—m�s
‘æ�\Žl�ß ™±‰å—˜�¤—m�s
‘æ�\ŒÜ�ß äÉ—¥•o�¤—m�s
‘æ�\˜Z�ß ’©‘N�¤—m�s
‘æ�\޵�ß �–—˜ˆŸ�¤—m�s
‘æ�\”ª�ß ˆÉ˜N�¤—m�s
‘æ�\‹ã�ß à¹‘¾�iˆÈ�F—ñ�j�¤—m�s
‘æ“ñ�\�ß ‰Á�\‘å�¤—m�s
‘æ“ñ�\ˆê�ß ”b�\”n�¤—m�s
‘æ“ñ�\“ñ�ß ”bŠîŽz’R�¤—m�s
‘æ“ñ�\ŽO�ß “yލ‘´�¤—m�s
‘æ“ñ�\Žl�ß äŽ—–�¤—m�s
‘æŽl•Ñ —m�¤šà’f‰º“I�ãŠC�q‰^
‘æ�\“ñ�Í ‰ˆŠC�A“à‰Í�q‰^’†—m�¤‹£‘ˆŒƒ—ó
‘æˆê�ß —m‘DŽæ‘ã�¹‘Dšà’f‰ˆŠC�q‰^
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤—Ö‘DŒöŽi“IŒš—§—^’·�]�q‰^�¤“I‘ˆ’D
‘æŽO�ß “ú‘D�¤�‡‘«‹y‰p�A“ú�A’†�q‰^Šé‹Æ“I‘ˆ’D
‘æŽl�ß “ú‘D�¤“Æ”e�q‰^‹Æ
‘æ�\ŽO�Í —m�¤šà’f‰“—m�q‰^ˆê•S”N
‘æˆê�ß Ÿô‰¢�q�ü�gŽO‹�“ª�h
‘æ“ñ�ß ‘½�‘‰“—m�q‰^Šé‹Æ“I‰î“ü—^‘¾•½—m‰“—m�q�ü“IŠJç„
‘æŽO�ß “ú�A”ü�A‰p�q‰^�¨—Í”VŠÔ“IŠp’€
‘æŽl�ß “ú”üŒð‘Öšà’f�ãŠC‰“—m�q‰^
‘æ�\Žl�Í ˆ×�q‰^•ž–±“I—m�¤áù“ª�A‘q–טa�q“¹Ž–‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß —m�¤áù“ª‘q–×�s‹Æ•‚�o�…–Ê
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤áù“ª�ê‹ÆŒo‰c—^•�‘®Œo‰c•À�s
‘æŽO�ß áù“ª‘q–׋Æ�]‰p�A“ú�A”ü•ª”e“ž“ú�A‰pŒð‘Öšà’f
‘æŽl�ß —m�¤�T�§�ãŠC�q“¹‘匠
‘æŒÜ•Ñ —m�¤–[’nŽY‹Æ�AŒš’}‹Æ“I–H–u”­“W
‘æ�\ŒÜ�Í �s�ãŠC“y’n�Í’ö�t—^—m�¤–[’nŽY‹Æ“I”­’[˜aŒ`�¬
‘æˆê�ß ‰i‘d�§—^—m�¤–[’nŽY‹Æ“I’a�¶
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤–[’nŽY‹Æ“I”­’[
‘æŽO�ß —m�¤–[’nŽY‹Æ“IŒ`�¬
‘æ�\˜Z�Í —m�¤–[’nŽY‹�“ª
‘æˆê�ß –[’nŽY‘剤�V�¹‘»—m�s
‘æ“ñ�ß –[’nŽY‘æˆê‰ÆŒÒ•ª�§Šé‹Æ�F‹ÆŽY’nŽYŒöŽi
‘æŽO�ß ™û“¯‹y™û“¯—m�s
‘æŽl�ß Žå‰c–[’nŽY‘ã—�‹Æ–±“I’†�‘‰c‹ÆŒöŽi
‘æŒÜ�ß —p–×’~‹à�]Ž––[’nŽY‹Æ“I–œ�‘–×’~‰ï�W’c
‘æ˜Z�ß —m�s‹à—ZŠ÷�\˜a‹³‰ï–[’nŽY‹Æ
‘æ�\޵�Í –[’nŽY‹Æ‘Ñ“®‰º“I—m�¤Œš’}‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß �Å�‰“I—m�¤Œš’}�ÝŒv
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤Œš’}Š÷�\—^�VŒ^Œš’}—ÞŒ^“I‘å—Ê—OŒ»
‘æŽO�ß —m�¤Œš’}‹Æ“I‹É“x”ɉh—^�ãŠC�éŽs“I‹ß‘㉻
‘æ�\”ª�Í —m�¤–[’nŽYŽ‘‹àŠOˆÚ
‘æˆê�ß ‰¢”ü–[’nŽY—m�¤“IŽñŽŸ�í—ª“P‘Þ
‘æ“ñ�ß “ú–{–[’nŽY�¤˜©Š÷“Æ”eŽs�ê
‘æŽO�ß ‰¢”ü–[’nŽY‹Æ—m�¤“I�ÄŽŸ“P‘Þ
‘æ˜Z•Ñ —m�¤‹â�s‘Î�ãŠC‹à—Z“Išà’f
‘æ�\‹ã�Í —í”@‹â�s�·‘«�æ“o�C�VŒ^‹à—Z‘Ì�§�‰èû’[˜â
‘æˆê�ß ‘�Šú‹à—Z‹Æ–±—R—m�sŒ“‰c
‘æ“ñ�ß ‰p�¤—í”@‹â�sŒfŠJ—m�¤‹â�s�Ý�ãŠC“I›ç–‹
‘æŽO�ß �ãŠC—¦�æŒ`�¬‹ß‘ã‹à—Z�V‘Ì�§
‘æ“ñ�\�Í �ãŠC‹à—Z‹Æ�S“I”­“WŠK’i�F™¹–L‹â�s‘nŒš
‘æˆê�ß ™¹–L‹â�s“I‘n—§
‘æ“ñ�ß ‰¸•à”­“W
‘æŽO�ß ™¹–L‹â�s‹Æ–±’·Šú�ˆ˜°—Ì�æ’nˆÊ
‘æŽl�ß ™¹–L‹â�s�T�§’†�‘“IŒo�Ï–½ãõ
‘æŒÜ�ß ‘½‹­•À‘¶‰ü•ωp�¤‹â�s“I“Æ”e‹Ç–Ê
‘æ“ñ�\ˆê�Í �bŒß�푈Œã�ãŠC—m�¤‹â�s�«Ž¿“I“]•Ï‹y‘S�‘‹à—Z’†�S�Ý�ãŠC“IŒ`�¬
‘æˆê�ß �]�¤‹Æ‹â�s“ž—ñ‹­�T�§’†�‘�à�­Œo�Ï�H‹ï
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤‹â�s“I�V•ω»
‘æŽO�ß �‡Ž‘‹â�s“I�oŒ»
‘æŽl�ß �ãŠC�¬ˆ×‘S�‘‹à—Z’†�S
‘æ“ñ�\“ñ�Í —m�¤‹â�s“IŽå—v‹à—ZŠˆ“®
‘æˆê�ß ŠO™¹Žs�ê
‘æ“ñ�ß ”’‹âŽs�ê
‘æŽO�ß �ØŒ”Žs�ê
‘æŽl�ß ”­�sçâ•[
‘æŒÜ�ß ‹z�¾‘¶Š¼
‘æ˜Z�ß •úм˜a�­Ž¡ŽØŠ¼
‘掵�ß •ÛŒ¯�s‹Æ
‘æ“ñ�\ŽO�Í �R“ú�푈”š”­Œã—m�¤‹â�s“I•ω»
‘æˆê�ß �gŒÇ“‡�hŽžŠú�ãŠC‹à—Z‹Æ“IábŒ`”ɉh
‘æ“ñ�ß �R�í�Ÿ—˜Œã”ü�¤ˆø�¤�è–¾èû—D�¨
‘æŽO�ß �ÝŸô—m�¤‹â�s“I�¾�k˜a�Š—Ž
‘掵•Ñ ‹»办�H‹Æ�¬ˆ×—m�¤“ŠŽ‘”M“_
‘æ“ñ�\Žl�Í —m�¤Š÷Ší‘D”•�H‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß ‘D”•�C‘¢‹Æ“I‹»‹N
‘æ“ñ�ß ‰p�¤�Ë�¶�A–ë�¼‘D’·“I”­“W
‘æŽO�ß —m�s‘D”•‹Æ“I�W’†šà’f
‘æŽl�ß ŒüŠ÷ŠB‰Á�H‹Æ‘ñ“W
‘æŒÜ�ß �R“ú�푈ŠúŠÔ“I–\—˜�A”­“W—^‘Þ�o
‘æ“ñ�\ŒÜ�Í —m�¤–a�D�H‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß Š÷Ší缫ãN�H‹Æ
‘æ“ñ�ß –Ç–a�H‹Æ“ŠŽ‘“I�‚’ª
‘æŽO�ß Œüˆó�õ�AãNãa�A�j�D‹Æ‘ñ“W
‘æ“ñ�\˜Z�Í —m�¤à|‘��H‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß à|™Ê�‰‘nŽžŠú
‘æ“ñ�ß ‰p”üà|ŒöŽi�Ì”e’†�‘à|‘�Žs�ê
‘æŽO�ß èó’†�W’c“IŒ`�¬—^—m�¤Šªà|�H‹Æ“I�Š”s
‘æ“ñ�\޵�Í —m�¤ˆãäÞ�A‰»Šw�H‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß �¼äÞ“I—A“ü—^”z’u
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤‘ÎŽ_Œ²”ìûp�s‹Æ“Išà’f
‘æŽO�ß ‰ÎŽÄ�A“ÉäP�A–û޽“™Šé‹Æ“I‘n�ݘa”­“W
‘æ“ñ�\”ª�Í —m�¤ˆó�ü�A�H•i˜a�oŒû‰Á�H‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß Š÷Šíˆó�ü�A‘¢Ž†�H‹Æ“I‘n—§˜a”­“W
‘æ“ñ�ß �H•i�Aˆù—¿�H‹Æ“I‹»‹N—^”­“W
‘æŽO�ß �oŒû‰Á�H�AàÞ—ž搪Ž¥�§•iŠé‹Æ“IŠJ�Ý—^”­“W
‘攪•Ñ —m�¤Œö—pŽ–‹Æ“I”­“W—^�éŽs“I‹ß‘㉻�i’ö
‘æ“ñ�\‹ã�Í —m�¤”�Ÿƒ‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß �]Ž©—ˆ‰Î–[�i�s�j“ž�ãŠC”�Ÿƒ—LŒÀŒöŽi
‘æ“ñ�ß �]‹Ÿ‰žŒõŒ¹’€•à“]Œü‹Ÿ‰ž”MŒ¹
‘æŽO�ß “ú‹Ï“Û•À‰p�¤”�Ÿƒ‹Æ
‘æŽO�\�Í —m�¤‹‹�…‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß �]�¹˜R�…�s“ž�ãŠCŽ©—ˆ�…ŒöŽi
‘æ“ñ�ß Œö“Ÿ‹Ç�…™Ê‘nŒš—^—m�¤‹‹�…Ž–‹Æ‘å”­“W
‘æŽO�ß ‹‹�…‹Æ�Ý‹È�Ü’†ä…“ïˆÛŽ�
‘æŽO�\ˆê�Í —m�¤“d—Í‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß �]�ãŠC“dŸƒŒöŽi“žŒö“Ÿ‹Ç“d™Ê
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤“d—ÍŽ–‹Æ‘S–Ê”­“W
‘æŽO�ß ”ü�¤šà’f—^�푈‘¢�¬“IábŒ`”g“®
‘æŽO�\“ñ�Í —m�¤—X�­“d�M‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß �]‹q—X‹Ç“ž“Œ—m“¿—¥•—
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤“d�M‹Æ‘å”­“W
‘æŽO�ß ”ü�¤‘Î�ãŠC“d˜b‹Æ–±“Išà’f
‘æŽO�\ŽO�Í —m�¤Œö‹¤Œð’Ê‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß �]”nŽÔ“ž‰ÎŽÔ
‘æ“ñ�ß �]“dŽÔ“ž”òŠ÷
‘æŽO�ß “ú�¤šà’f—^�¼•û—m�¤“I’€•à‘Þ�o
‘æ‹ã•Ñ —m�¤“ŠŽ‘•¶‰»Žs�ê
‘æŽO�\Žl�Í —m�¤‘n办“I‘å�O“`”d”}‘Ì
‘æˆê�ß ŠO•¶•ñЧŠJ•—Ÿƒ”V�æ
‘æ“ñ�ß —m�¤‘n办“I’†•¶�¤‹Æ•ñކ
‘æŽO�ß “±”d�¤•i“I›ö”d“d‘ä
‘æŽO�\ŒÜ�Í —m�¤ŠJ‘n“I“d‰eŽ–‹Æ
‘æˆê�ß “d‰e‰@
‘æ“ñ�ß ‰e•Д­�sŒöŽi
‘æŽO�ß ‰e•Ð�§�ì
‘æŽO�\˜Z�Í —m�¤‘n办“I�VŽ®ŠwŠÙ
‘æŽO�\޵�Í �¼•û•¶‰»ŒâŠy˜a‘̈ç•ûŽ®“I“`“ü
‘æˆê�ß ŠO�‘‘�‰ï
‘æ“ñ�ß ‘̈犈“®

•�˜^
ˆê ‹ß‘ã�ãŠC•”•ª—m�¤—ª—ð
“ñ 1843-1949”N�ãŠC—m�¤Šé‹Æ–¼˜^
ŽO 1832-1956”N�ãŠC—m�¤‘厖‹L




Copyright (C) 2007 Frelax ShuChong All rights reserved.�@�‘’Ž